Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills, and, eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest tasks. It is the most common cause of dementia among the senior population. African Americans are twice as likely and Hispanics are one and a half times as likely as older whites to have Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. Prevalence is higher among women compared to men; two-thirds of Americans with Alzheimer’s disease are women. There is no known cure, however, innovative research may provide hop for effective and novel treatment for this incapacitating disease.

Heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, cancer and illnesses related to tobacco use are among the most common health problems affecting people of all ages, socioeconomic statuses and ethnicities. Risk factors —lack of physical activity, poor nutrition, tobacco use, excessive alcohol use, the environment and social and economic factors—cause much of the illness, suffering and early death related to chronic diseases and conditions.

Unintentional injuries such as falls and motor vehicle crashes, and intentional injuries such as intimate partner violence are a major cause of death for people ages 1 to 44; however, most events are predictable and preventable.

The well-being of women, infants, children and families determines the health of the next generation. Events over the life course influence maternal and child health risks and outcomes. Differences in health outcomes such as infant mortality, by race and ethnicity, can predict future public health challenges for families, communities and the health care system.

Mental and emotional well-being enables individuals to realize their own abilities, cope with the normal stresses of life, work productively and contribute to his or her community.

Social and economic conditions impacting health are the conditions in the environments where people live, work and play that influence health throughout the lifespan. These factors, including but not limited to income, employment, social supports, literacy skills and transportation have a major impact on people’s ability to lead long, healthy lives.

Infectious organisms that are primarily acquired and transmitted through sexual activity cause many harmful, often irreversible and costly clinical complications in reproductive, fetal and perinatal health. Other emerging infectious agents pose the threat of disease outbreaks. Prevention, treatment and diagnostic strategies are essential.